Definitions of Sample Annotated Bibliography Apa

Definitions of Sample Annotated Bibliography Apa Top Choices of Sample Annotated Bibliography Apa The various types of annotated bibliography templates make the work simpler. An annotated bibliography might be an independent project or part of a larger research undertaking. It provides a succinct account of the available research on a particular topic. Writing an annotated bibliography can be very hard and time-consuming that is why it is essential to keep very great notes from the very start of your research. Bibliographies are often referred to as References or Works Cited based on the format used. Annotated bibliographies examples can readily be studied with the assistance of a well researched academic paper. Type Annotated Bibliography on top and center-align it on the webpage. Annotated bibliography template is going to be a vivid example and you are going to be able to make an outstanding annotation with no mistakes and flaws! An annotation should offer enough info to produce a reader decide whether to read the comprehensive work. For instance, it could provide a summary of the source only, or it could also provide some additional evaluation of that material. Some annotations might include all 3 paragraphs. What Sample Annotated Bibliography Apa Is - and What it Is Not These examples will, therefore, help you decrease the quantity of time spent on a single paper. Unlike abstracts, annotations contain critical details on the source, it main thoughts and quality. Many annotatio ns evaluate the caliber of scholarship in a. Annotations can evaluate the caliber of scholarship. The Little-Known Secrets to Sample Annotated Bibliography Apa If you've ever employed any sample to direct you in the practice of inventing a bit of writing, you will have a tendency to agree that the sample papers usually go a ways in ensuring that writing procedure is simplified. So the very first advantage of employing these samples is that it'll have the ability to simplify the practice of writing an ideal bibliography. It is also effective in that it helps the writer save a lot of time by reducing the amount of time they would have spent researching on the correct format. This when coupled with the job of documenting can be rather tedious. Citations and extracts from assorted sources have to be formatted properly. They are no official apa style. While creating MLA Annotated Bibliography Template you are going to be asked to locate adequate reference in which you wish to ad d your annotation. Among the fundamental characteristic of bibliography APA format is that names of all the authors arrive in the exact first instance of in-text citation. One reason behind citing sources and compiling an overall bibliography is so that you may prove you've completed some valid studying to back up your argument and claims. Sometimes instructors would like you to incorporate an annotated bibliography. There are lots of standardized formats of APA bibliography which can be found the internet but it's still recommended to check for the specific style and format with professors. A bibliography is comparable in many approaches to a reference section, but there are a few essential differences. Bibliography by means of your teacher instructs you have to be indented one half inch from easybib. Seeing a sample annotated bibliography may be very helpful means to begin. Utilizing a sample annotated bibliography for your writing will provide you with a guide on the measures you're supposed to take in addition to the structure of the paper. Since a brief article is a standard format, you don't call for a format description bracket. The length may vary based on their goal. Therefore, all you will need is to specify the bibliography format you want, and the remainder of the endeavor is ours.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Nuclear Energy - 1107 Words

Advantages 1. Cost –- At present these are cheaper than non-conventional sources. 2. Security – As storage is easy and convenient, by storing certain quantity, the energy availability can be ensured for certain period. 3. Convenience–- These sources are very convenient to use as technology for their conversion and use is universally available. Disadvantages 1. Fossil fuels generate pollutants: . Main pollutants generated in the use of these sources are CO, CO2, NOX, SOX, particulate matter and heat. These pollutants degrade the environment, pose health hazards and cause various other problems. CO2 is mainly responsible for global warming also. 2. Coal is also a valuable petro-chemical and is used as raw material for various chemical, pharmaceuticals and paints, etc. industries. From long-term point of view it is desirable to conserve coal for future needs. 3. There are safety and technical issues with nuclear energy. Major problems with nuclear energy are: a) The waste material generated in nuclear plants has radioactivity of dangerous level leveland ; it remains above safe limit for a long period of time and thus is a health hazard. Its safe disposal, which is essential to prevent radioactive pollution, is a challenging task. Also the disposed radioactive waste is required to be guarded for a long period (till its radioactivity level comes down to a safe limit) against in order to prevent against going in wrong hands. b) Possibility of accidental leakage of radioactiveShow MoreRelatedAlternative Energy Sources For Renewable Energy1710 Words   |  7 Pagesour environment, alternative energy has become a source of energy that is an alternative to the problem that these fossil fuels have caused our Earth. Alternative energy are renewable and is considered to be free energy sources (Alternative Energy). All alternative energy sources have lower carbon emissions when being compared to conventional energy sources. These sources include Biomass Energy, Wind, Solar, Geothermal, and Hydroelectric Energy (Alternative Energy). With the use of recyclingRead MoreThe Pros and Cons of Nuclear Power as an Energy Source Essay586 Words   |  3 PagesThe Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Nuclear Power Plants as an Energy Source Nuclear power is the use of continuous nuclear reactions to do practical work. It is produced by nuclear fission reactions which occur when adequate quantities of Uranium-235 are restricted to a small area. Nuclear fission is the process of nuclei being split. In this case a heavier nucleus splits up into two or more lighter nuclei, then this moves on by a chain reaction when the emittedRead MoreNuclear Energy And Fossil Fuel992 Words   |  4 Pagesdebate on what is better the use of nuclear energy or the using of fossil fuel? People over the years have been debating on a realistic way on saving energy but also having an efficient amount of energy to generate millions of homes and places. The two sources of energy that are mostly used are nuclear energy and fossil fuels. Often people say that nuclear energy is the best approach while others believe it is the burning of fossil fuels. These two sources of energy have their own pros and cons whenRead MoreThe International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor Essay583 Words   |  3 Pagesresearch and development project which focuses on constructing the world’s first largest experimental nuclear fusion reactor. This project intends to adopt the experimental and theoretical studies of plasma physics or ‘tokomak’ (a device utilizing electromag netic fields to trap plasma) and apply it to construct a fully functional, nuclear fusion power plant which will harness the energy made from nuclear fusion to create electricity.. This project is funded by USA, China, India, the EU, Russia, JapanRead MoreFracking Creates Real Environmental Concerns1621 Words   |  7 Pages However, it is something to consider when deciding when deciding to build a natural gas power plant or not. Summary The Fukushima disaster was caused by an earthquake and its following tsunami which caused a failure in the backup systems (World Nuclear Association, 2016). The tsunami knocked out the generators that powered the cooldown processes for three of the Fukushima power plants which caused the radiation leaks and other complications. Consequentially, the disaster was initially classifiedRead MoreThe Laws Of Thermodynamics Will Be Explained1449 Words   |  6 Pagesapply to energy use, energy conversions, and the need for energy efficiency. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of energy types including fossil fuels, nuclear energy, solar energy, wind power, water (hydro) power, and biofuel will be described. In order to combat our growing energy problems the Energy Policy Act of 2005 was signed into law to help create tax incentives and loans for conservation and use of alternative fuels. Two provisions of the Act, promotion of US nuclear constructionRead MoreNuclear Technology After the World War II Essay938 Words   |  4 PagesWorld War II, interest in nuclear technology increased exponentially. People soon realized that nuclear technology could be used for electricity, as another alternative to fossil fuels. Today, nuclear power has its place in the world, but there is still a lot of controversy over the use of nuclear energy. Things such as the containment of radiation and few nuclear power plant accidents have given nuclear power a bad image. However, nuclear power is a reliable source of energy because it has no carbonRead MoreNuclear Energy Pro and Cons1377 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction P 1-2†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. What is the nuclear energy? P 2-3-4†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Avantages and disadvantages P 4-5†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Nuclear energy in the US P 5†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.Conclusion P6†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Citations The nuclear energy While demand for energy continues to rise due the continuous need of energy in developing and developed countries and the fast decrease of natural non renewable sources of energy such as oil and gas, many countries face seriousRead MoreRenewable Energy : Alternative Energy1559 Words   |  7 PagesAlternative energy can be defined as Energy, as solar, wind, or nuclear energy, that can replace or supplement traditional fossil-fuel sources, such as coal, oil, and natural gas. When thinking about alternative energy sources we generally focus on the main types: nuclear, solar, wind, and hydroelectric. These are things that mainly do not cause pollution and are very environmentally friendly (Alternative Energy). Alternative energy is thought to be renewable and â€Å"free.† Biomass Energy, Wind Energy, SolarRead MoreNuclear Power And Nuclear Energy Essay1456 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Nuclear power is used to some degree to provide electricity to many countries, and it is also playing a significant role as a main fuel resource for marine propulsion for ships. For many countries, nuclear energy is their primary energy source, such as France. However, nuclear energy has its benefits and drawbacks. The nuclear energy power plants need less raw materials than the other energy power plants, such as coal power plants. But if there is an accident, large amount of radioactive

Case Study Ocean Carriers Essay Example For Students

Case Study: Ocean Carriers Essay Executive sum-up Ocean Carriers is contemplating the chance of qualifying a 3-year leasing contract that would necessitate commissioning the building of a new vas. In the short term applied hire rates are diminishing. merely as they should be on the recovery side get downing 2003. While subscribing a new client and hence spread outing the concern. the aforesaid investing should be undertaken in Hong Kong. Furthermore. a 15year undertaking is preferred. therefore trashing the vas at an estimated monetary value of $ 5M in order to reinvest that sum and avoid confronting heavier approaching costs. Although the longer permanent undertaking ( 25 old ages ) guarantees a higher net present value and forecasted rates seem to be increasing. less legerity on future market occasions. increasing hire rates volatility and hazards to bear for the corporation must be considered. Furthermore. the alleged strong correlativity between figure of cargos and hire rates is being questioned. Summary of facts Provided that Ocean carrier’s fleet doesn’t present a ship which meets the new customer’s demands and that a reasonably long clip is needed to construct a new one. the direction has to make up ones mind in 2001 whether to committee a vas for a 3-year clip charter get downing in 2003 at an initial day-to-day hire rate of $ 20. 000 turning at a gait of $ 200 per twelvemonth of contract. Statement of the job Many factors are to be considered such as the day-to-day hire rate and operating cost tendencies. the supply and demand of Fe ore and steel which form the 85 % of capesize dry majority carriers’ cargos. The headquarter location. on which the revenue enhancement government depends. is excessively a critical determination: piece in Hong Kong the operations would be exempt from revenue enhancement. they would account for 35 % on net income in New York. Analysis For a better comprehension of the job. we foremost focused on some possible results depending on supply and demand inclination. In the short term. an surplus of supply ( 63 new vass ) and no major forces act uponing the demand will do the hire rates to drop. Besides. if the confer withing group is to be to the full trusted. a crisp lessening in Fe ore vessel cargos will drive down monetary values every bit good. Looking at a longer skyline. supply and demand drivers are chiefly. for the latter. the universe economic system as a whole and trade forms i. e. the longer distance the more demand. and for the former the efficiency and size of vass ( negative correlativity ) . the demand for transporting capacity and the age of the ships. These factors reveal positive long-run effects. Due to Australian ad Indian demand rocketing. exports will spread out along with higher trading volume. Furthermore. Ocean bearers presents an advantage with respects to their ships: they are bigger and newer therefore meriting a plus 15 % factor over standard monetary values. Nevertheless. inauspicious facets should be taken into history every bit good. such as the inefficiency in constructing a new vas ( 2 old ages ) which could take to a turning demand for net working capital in order to beef up the company’s fiscal place and do it able to confront sudden hard currency escapes. In add-on. given their better growing form. Ocean Carriers should favor the topographic point and non the clip day-to-day engage rates alternatively of locking themselves up in long term. less flexible contracts. Our position for the long tally is decidedly positive though non outstanding. with future growing resembling the rising prices degree. Sing the mentioned facts every bit good as all the premises. the pick that has to be made will be chiefly influenced by the day-to-day hire rates. These factors are the most volatile and hard to foretell and act upon income. net income and eventually cash-flows. Ms Linn’s determination should measure different and unpleasant results before taking a determination based merely on cash-flows’ NPV. First. when comparing Hong Kong’s and new York’s NPV. the no revenue enhancement zone is clearly the better pick ( see table 3 and 4 for computations ) . with the 35 % straight-line American revenue enhancement killing most of the net incomes from the investment’s first old ages. Even if we consider an accelerated depreciation system ( MACRS ) and compare tantamount net incomes. rente figures are still worse for taxed countrie s ( chart 3 ) . .u9f094d9220bc27faffec176e90117fa9 , .u9f094d9220bc27faffec176e90117fa9 .postImageUrl , .u9f094d9220bc27faffec176e90117fa9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9f094d9220bc27faffec176e90117fa9 , .u9f094d9220bc27faffec176e90117fa9:hover , .u9f094d9220bc27faffec176e90117fa9:visited , .u9f094d9220bc27faffec176e90117fa9:active { border:0!important; } .u9f094d9220bc27faffec176e90117fa9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9f094d9220bc27faffec176e90117fa9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9f094d9220bc27faffec176e90117fa9:active , .u9f094d9220bc27faffec176e90117fa9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9f094d9220bc27faffec176e90117fa9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9f094d9220bc27faffec176e90117fa9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9f094d9220bc27faffec176e90117fa9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9f094d9220bc27faffec176e90117fa9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9f094d9220bc27faffec176e90117fa9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9f094d9220bc27faffec176e90117fa9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9f094d9220bc27faffec176e90117fa9 .u9f094d9220bc27faffec176e90117fa9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9f094d9220bc27faffec176e90117fa9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Sick Man’S Precious Life EssayFrom this computation we begin to see how existent cash-flow tantamount rentes are non markedly different between the 15 and 25-year no-tax undertakings. If accurately analysed. inter-period NPVs show an unexpected image ( table and graph 1 ) . If the reinvestment of the bit value could vouch a existent rate of return similar to the price reduction used ( dismiss rate=9 % . rising prices rate=3 % . existent discount=5. 83 % ) . the two NPVs move closer. This partly explains why. of the two. the shorter investing is the best: a significant ball of the 25-year project’s NPV ( 74 % ) is created in the latter period of the investin g ( 2017-2027 ) when monetary values are barely predictable. more volatile and easy influenced by present outlooks. $ 610. 159. 93 auxiliary hard currency income are non deserving 10 more old ages of keeping period: operating and study costs become excessively heavy to prolong the extra period of investing. We carried on our analysis by looking at the hire rates and their expected value. The strong correlativity between charter rates and cargos reported by the confer withing house is now being took into consideration ( table and graph 2 ) . The outsourced analysis provinces that when shipment Numberss rise so should the same charter rates. Unfortunately this is incorrect under a statistical point of position: whilst cargos and 3-year hire rates seem really somewhat related. the figure of cargos and the topographic point rates go surprisingly in the opposite way ( Pearson correlativity index= ( 0. 3783 ) ) . Hence. long term NPV needs to be managed carefully being based on premises non wholly true. Recommendations The 15-year. no-tax investing is the right pick. The NPV of this undertaking turns out to be positive. taking us to urge the signature of the contract. Turning down this operation would intend blowing future net incomes. Furthermore. the 25-year undertaking is insecure: it could dry out the company’s hard currency and equivalents and forestall the reinvestment of the bit value ( $ 5M ) in more profitable undertakings. The excess return doesn’t justify a 10 twelvemonth longer investing based on many undependable premises. non supported by statistical informations and which does non allow the flexibleness that a shorter one would.

Kama Sutra Essays - Hindu Texts, Sanskrit Literature, Kamashastra

Kama Sutra PREFACE IN the literature of all countries there will be found a certain number of works treating especially of love. Everywhere the subject is dealt with differently, and from various points of view. In the present publication it is proposed to give a complete translation of what is considered the standard work on love in Sanscrit literature, and which is called the `Vatsyayana Kama Sutra', or Aphorisms on Love, by Vatsyayana. While the introduction will deal with the evidence concerning the date of the writing, and the commentaries written upon it, the chapters following the introduction will give a translation of the work itself. It is, however, advisable to furnish here a brief analysis of works of the same nature, prepared by authors who lived and wrote years after Vatsyayana had passed away, but who still considered him as the great authority, and always quoted him as the chief guide to Hindoo erotic literature. Besides the treatise of Vatsyayana the following works on the same subject are procurable in India: The Ratirahasya, or secrets of love The Panchasakya, or the five arrows The Smara Pradipa, or the light of love The Ratimanjari, or the garland of love The Rasmanjari, or the sprout of love The Anunga Runga, or the stage of love; also called Kamaledhiplava, or a boat in the ocean of love. The author of the `Secrets of Love' was a poet named Kukkoka. He composed his work to please one Venudutta, who was perhaps a king. When writing his own name at the end of each chapter he calls himself `Siddha patiya pandita', i.e. an ingenious man among learned men. The work was translated into Hindi years ago, and in this the author's name was written as Koka. And as the same name crept into all the translations into other languages in India, the book became generally known, and the subject was popularly called Koka Shastra, or doctrines of Koka, which is identical with the Kama Shastra, or doctrines of love, and the words Koka Shastra and Kama Shastra are used indiscriminately. The work contains nearly eight hundred verses, and is divided into ten chapters, which are called Pachivedas. Some of the things treated of in this work are not to be found in the Vatsyayana, such as the four classes of women, the Padmini, Chitrini, Shankini and Hastini, as also the enumeration of the days and hours on which the women of the different classes become subject to love, The author adds that he wrote these things from the opinions of Gonikaputra and Nandikeshwara, both of whom are mentioned by Vatsyayana, but their works are not now extant. It is difficult to give any approximate idea as to the year in which the work was composed. It is only to be presumed that it was written after that of Vatsyayana, and previous to the other works on this subject that are still extant. Vatsyayana gives the names of ten authors on the subject, all of whose works he had consulted, but none of which are extant, and does not mention this one. This would tend to show that Kukkoka wrote after Vatsya, otherwise Vatsya would assuredly have mentioned him as an author in this branch of literature along with the others. The author of the `Five Arrows' was one Jyotirisha. He is called the chief ornament of poets, the treasure of the sixty-four arts, and the best teacher of the rules of music. He says that he composed the work after reflecting on the aphorisms of love as revealed by the gods, and studying the opinions of Gonikaputra, Muladeva, Babhravya, Ramtideva, Nundikeshwara and Kshemandra. It is impossible to say whether he had perused all the works of these authors, or had only heard about them; anyhow, none of them appear to be in existence now. This work contains nearly six hundred verses, and is divided into five chapters, called Sayakas or Arrows. The author of the `Light of Love' was the poet Gunakara, the son of Vechapati. The work contains four hundred verses, and gives only a short account of the doctrines of love, dealing more with other matters. `The Garland of Love' is the work of the famous poet

An evaluation of Repetitive Stress Injury (RSI) The WritePass Journal

An evaluation of Repetitive Stress Injury (RSI) Introduction An evaluation of Repetitive Stress Injury (RSI) IntroductionResearch evaluating the upper limb tension testMethodologyParticipantsProcedure  Data AnalysisRESULTSNature of the perceived sensory response and difference between the mouse and the non mouse handLocation of the perceived sensory responseDiscussion:Summary of the resultsTheoretical Implication:Clinical Implication:Strength of the studyLimitationsScope for future researchConclusionREFERENCESRelated Introduction The incidence of repetitive injury has steadily increased over the past decade and evidence indicates that this trend will continue. (Millender et al 1992, Byng et al 1997). In UK according to the NHS report, 1 in 50 workers has reported symptoms of repetitive stress injury (RSI) (Scot et al 2008). More recently there have been reports of increase in RSI among computer operators (Anderson et al 2008) reason being their repetitive jobs at faster pace. There is also research which reads that forcefulness and awkward position of upper limb have a direct effect on the development of repetitive stress injury (Greening et al 1999). Even though RSI is common, the causes of RSI are complex, diverse and incompletely understood till today. Amongst the most various hypotheses suggested over decades there is some evidence of involving the whole nociceptive system (Brain 2009). With respect to the RSI in upper limb, commonly reported symptoms by patients are cramps, par aesthesia, and hyperalgesia, with no major motor or sensory involvement (Scott et al 2008). And after reviewing these symptoms again and again the nervous system is said to be certainly involved directly or indirectly in all the patients of overuse injury of upper limb (Reisch et al 2005). It were these studies that have given birth to concept called Neurodynamic in the world of physiotherapy (Shacklock 1995) Neurodynamics has become progressively more accepted as part of the evaluation and management of the repetitive injuries (Blaster et al 1997). The ULTT was initially thought by Elvey (1979) as an objective assessment of the neural tissue of the upper quadrant in the examination of arm pain and local pain pattern of the upper quadrant. Fundamentals of neurodynamic testing are that the nervous system exists in physiological and mechanical continuity (Slater ET al1994). This means that when mechanical stresses when applied on the nerve may evoke physiological responses such as alteration in axonal transport or may be interneural blood flow. And physiological disturbances like diabetes may predispose a nerve to mechanical disturbances (Mackinnon et al1986). Physiotherapists’ incorporating tension tests as a part of assessment and treatment have documented that altered nerve extensibility and is a very common finding in RSI disorders. In   conjunction with symptomatology and subjective responses to these techniques, difference in the range of motion (ROM), difference in perceived response etc   between the affected and the non affected are often considered indicative of adverse neural tension, with implied assumption that such differences are not apparent in asymptomatic subjects (Butler 1989). Such assumption questions the evidence based practise and the validity of these tests (Sackett. et al 1996) Research evaluating the upper limb tension test Shacklock in 1995 concluded that ULTT for median nerve is a simple, effective and reliable method of examination to gain an impression of nerve mobility after performing test on cadavers. In 2005 Resich et al performed a study to measure the reliability and sensory response of median nerve biased on normal subjects. The limitation of the study was that it was done just on one side of body of normal individual. This therefore did not allow assessing if any variability or response existed in left and right side. Also the study was done on non keyboard workers thus the results cannot be generalised. Byng et al in 1997 conducted a research to compare the response of ULTT median nerve in asymptomatic, symptomatic key board workers and non keyboard workers. The results concluded that there was a variation in response to the nerve test among the three groups with keyboard workers having significant altered neural sensitivity when compared to non keyboard workers there by concluding the pain in key board workers is neural in origin. The shortcoming of this study was that there is no information regarding what was considered as a normal response at individual joint as there was only unilateral comparison.   Scott et al in 2008 performed a study to determine the false positive ULTT and slumps tests in healthy adults and reported there are false positive response in asymptomatic. But the study was just performed on dominant side of the body thus there can be no comparison and these results cannot be expected for the opposite arm. Also the mean age of participants was only 22 years thus cannot be generalized. Since the researchers knew the dominant side this may have contaminated the result. Thus ULTT is an undoubtedly simple, effective and reliable method of examination to gain an impression of nerve mobility but no trial has attempted to compare the variability of the neural tension test response bilaterally in normals. Without this bit of information the validity of the ULTT is questionable. Thus the aim of the study is to evaluate if there is any difference in mechano sensitivity and perceived response to median nerve ULTT test when compared bilaterally in non symptomatic female key board worker. Methodology Participants Inclusion criteria for the study were: asymptomatic female key board operators between the ages of 18- 60 years without any sensory problem of upper limb and/or neck within the last three months. Participants who complained of bit of neck pain on prolonged hours of sitting which did not radiate to shoulder or upper limb were included.   Subjects were excluded if they reported any contraindication and/or precaution (Butler, 1991) like   peripheral or central nervous system disease or medical metabolic disease like diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis. They were also excluded if they had reduced range of motion of the upper limb and cervical spine. Thirty female asymptomatic key board operators volunteered for the study (mean   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  age 31  ± 6.8 years; range: 24-54 years). Prior to the study all the participants read participation information sheet and signed consent form.   There after participants filled the evaluation form which was regarding inclusion criteria, years of experience, hours of work per day and arm dominance. Arm dominance was defined as the hand participants used for operating the mouse also referred to as mouse hand in the study. Participants were requested not to disclose information regarding their mouse hand during the study. The information pertaining arm dominance was blinded to both the researchers as it was known only after the application of ULTT1 test. Procedure Ethical approval was granted by the Committee on Ethics in Research at Sheffield Hallam University.   After the participants had filled the evaluation form and the participant was eligible for the study screening movements were performed on the cervical spine, thoracic spine and of both the upper limb to abolish these structures as potential resources of symptoms. Two researchers were involved in the study. Both were students of Msc Applying Physiotherapy at Sheffield Hallam University. The author was the primary researcher who performed ULTT1 on all the participants in both hands. The second researcher only assisted to record the response to ULTT1 on body chart. The method adopted to perform ULTT for median nerve was the test proposed by Elvey 1986, Kenneally et al 1988 and Butler 1991a. David Butler in 1991a conveyed ULTT1 to be median nerve dominant and was reliable in normal’s (Edgar et al 1994) and in patient population (Selvaratnam 1991). The ULTT 1 test was described to each participant by the prime researcher before the test is performed and were informed that their participation was utmost important while recording the response on the body chart. They were also informed to move any part of their body while describing their response to the assistant researcher. Each participant wore a vest for the research purpose. There after each participant lay supine on a high/low plinth with the test arm slightly off the plinth. For convenience researcher passively manoeuvres the test first on right hand followed by the left .The position was secured with seat belts around thorax and pelvis to avert lateral movement of the chest. The right arm was tested first for convenience and was placed in starting position with the glen humeral (G-H) joint in neutral, elbow flexed and forearm, wrist, fingers and thumb in neutral. The other arm will lay relaxed adjacent to the abdomen. The participants were advised to maintain the head in neutral position and were requested to look at a spot on ceiling which negated any cervical spine rotation. Thus with the neck in neutral position the ULTT 1 test was commenced. To start with the shoulder was positioned in to neutral position and the examiner placed the hand on the test shoulder to prevent elevation. This was followed by G-H joint abduction to a maximum of 110 ° in frontal plane. From this position wrist, fingers and thumb were passively extended the forearm was supinated. The G-H joint was then externally rotated to no more than 50 ° as the third distinct component to shoulder. Thus the last component to be added was elbow extension. The elbow was extended until full extension was achieved or participant reported any symptoms at any stage of the test. When the symptom were reported by the participant the second researcher was responsible to record the nature of perceived sensory response in form of words or phrases and the location of the perceived sensory response on a right side marked on body chart. There after structural differentiation (STD) i.e. ipsilateral neck flexion (INF) was performed by the actively. ULTT1 was considered mechanosensitive positive only if the participant perceived reduction in the perceived symptoms and if the primary researcher performing ULTT visually observed an increase in the   range of motion at elbow after the addition of desensitising manoeuvre i.e. the ipsilateral neck flexion (Quinter 1989, Butler 1990). The response of mechanosensitivity for ULTT was recorded as â€Å"Yes â€Å"or â€Å"No† and the response to structural deviation was recorded as increased (↑) or decreased (↓) with respect to symptoms only. A break of 10 minutes was given before the test was performed in the left hand. The same procedure was carried out and data was collected in similar manner on body chart.   Data Analysis Descriptive statistics were utilized to know if mechanosensitivity for ULTT1 exists in the participants. After data collection all the sensory responses were collated on a single body chart(figure 2) which as further analysed by dividing the upper limb into five distinct areas i.e. cubital, forearm, wrist, fingers and thumb. Frequencies of these locations were counted regardless of its nature and were tabulated. This made comparison between the two hands easier. The nature of perceived sensory response which was reported as words or phrases was divided in two categories stretch pain, pull pain. Frequency of the similar type of response was counted and compared for further analysis. Demographic characteristics like age, years of experience, hours of work and dominance were to analyse if association between ULTT1 response and these variables exists. To achieve the aim of the study, the data were analysed by answering the following questions. Analysis of the ULTT1 response in asymptomatic key board operators i.e. (mechanosensitive and the perceived sensory response from body chart). From the above analysis are there any evidence showing upper limb neurodynamic tests for median nerve is positive among asymptomatic key board operators? If â€Å"Yes† is there a difference in the response to ULTT1 when compared bilaterally? If there is a difference in response when compared bilaterally, is there an association between the hours of work, age and dominance with the ULTT1 response. The answers to these key questions further assisted in exploration of the research question: Is there a variability of response to upper limb neurodynamic test of median nerve in asymptomatic keyboard operators when compared bilaterally RESULTS Summary of mechanosensitive response compared between mouse and non mouse hand: Table 1 : Table of mechanosensitivity and sensory response in bilateral upper limbs. No Mousehand RIGHT ULTT 1 RIGHT STD    LEFT ULTT 1 LEFT STD Nature of perceived sensory response (R) Location of sensory response(R) Nature of perceived sensory response (L) Location of sensory response(L) 1 L Y ↓ Y ↓ Stretch pain 1,2,3 Stretch pain 1,2,3,4,5 2 R N ↓ N ↓ 3 R Y ↓ Y ↓ Pull pain 1,2,3,4,5 Pull pain 1,2 4 L Y ↓ Y ↓ Pull pain 1,2,3 Pull pain 1,2,3 5 R Y ↓ Y ↓ Stretch pain 1,2,3,4 Stretch pain 1,2,3   6 R Y ↓ Y ↓ Pull pain 1,2,3,4,5 Pull pain 1,2 7 R Y ↓ Y ↓ Pull pain 1,2,3,4,5 Pull pain 1,2,3,4 8 R Y ↓ Y ↓ Stretch pain 1,2,3,4 Stretch pain 1,2 9 R Y ↓ Y ↓ Stretch pain 1,2,3,4,5 Stretch pain 1,2,3,4 10 R Y ↓ Y ↓ Stretch pain 1,2,3,4 Stretch pain 1,2,3 11 R N ↓ N ↓ 12 R Y ↓ Y ↓ Pull pain 1,2,3,4,5 Pull pain 1,2,3,4,5 13 R Y ↓ Y ↓ Stretch pain 1,2,3,4,5 Stretch pain 1,2,3 14 R Y Y Pull pain 1,2,3,4 Pull pain 1,2,3 15 R Y ↓ Y ↓ Pull pain 1,2,3,4,5 Pull pain 1,2 16 R N ↓ N ↓ 17 R Y ↓ Y ↓ Stretch pain 1,2,3,4 Stretch pain 1,2 18 R Y ↓ Y ↓ Pull pain 1,2,3,4,5 Pull pain 1,2,3 19 R Y ↓ Y ↓ Stretch pain 1,2,3,4 Stretch pain 1,2,3 20 R Y Y Stretch pain 1,2,3,4 Stretch pain 1,2, 21 L Y ↓ Y ↓ Pull pain 1,2,3,4 Pull pain 1,2,3,4,5 22 R N ↓ N ↓ 23 R Y ↓ Y ↓ Pull pain 1,2,3 Pull pain 1,2,3, 24 R Y Y Stretch pain 1,2,3,4,5 Stretch pain 1,2 25 R Y ↓ Y ↓ Stretch pain 1,2,3,4,5 Stretch pain 1,2,3 26 L N ↓ N ↓ 27 R Y ↓ Y ↓ Pull pain 1,2,3,4 Pull pain 1,2 28 R Y ↓ Y ↓ Stretch pain 1,2,3,4,5 Stretch pain 1,2,3 29 R Y ↓ Y ↓ Pull pain 1,2,3,4,5 Pull pain 1,2,3 30 R Y ↓ Y ↓ Stretch pain 1,2,3,4 Stretch pain 1,2,3 ULTT1 Upper limb neural tissue tension test for median nere ; STD structural differentiation; INF: ipsilateral neck flexion      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Incidenc e of mechanosensitive response Fig1-Incidence of detected mechanosensitive response for ULTT 1 amongst asymptomatic keyboard operators From figure 1 it was evident that a high number of participants showed response for ULTT1. On adding ipsilateral neck flexion all of them perceived reduction in the symptoms Table 1.There was nobody who had complained of   unilateral symptoms.   Thus there was no difference in the mechanosensitive response to ULLT1 in the mouse and non mouse hand. Nature of the perceived sensory response and difference between the mouse and the non mouse hand After summarising the data from 30 body charts it was observed that 13 participants (43.33%) had complained of â€Å"stretch pain† and 12 participants (40%) had complained of â€Å"pull† pain (Table 1). After comparing the sensory response of mouse hand and non mouse hand in table 1, it was observed there was no difference in perceived sensory response in both the hands. Location of the perceived sensory response The location of perceived sensation in the right and left hand of all the participants were plotted on a single body chart. Figure 1 shows numerical involvement of location of symptoms for the ULTT1 amongst asymptomatic keyboard operators. Figure 1: Body chart divided into 5 areas where responses were perceived. After analysing the repsponse Graphs 2a and 2b :Comparing the symptoms in the mouse and the non mouse hand Location of response  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Location of response From the graphs 2a and 2b it is clearly evident there was difference in the location of sensory response between the mouse and the non mouse hand. The median nerve was more sensititive in fingers and the wrist joints as compared to the non mouse hand. Discussion: Summary of the results The results from this study showed that asymptomatic keyboard operators showed a positive mechanosensitive response for ULTT1. There was no difference in the mechanosensitive and perceived sensory response when compared bilaterally. 83.33% participants had bilaterally positive mechanosensitive response and had shown increased area of symptoms in mouse hand. And on further reviewing individual characteristics of these participants there was no association found between with age, hours of work and years of experience. Byng 1997 compared the response of ULTT1 between patients, asymptomatic keyboard workers and asymptomatic non keyboard workers.   The results showed that key board operators had significant positive ULTT compared to non-keyboard user. Thus the current study and study performed by Byng et al 1997 proposes that a subclinical pathological condition exists in key board operators. There could be many reasons for such a scenario in this group of population. One of the reflection is the type of muscle exertion that is involved in the keyboard workers performing repetitive task for a prolonged hours causes static loading of neck and shoulder muscles (Subratty et al 2005). These static sustained contractions of the shoulders, neck and upper limbs may be required to fix the hands in a functional position necessary for the task (Pascarelli et al 2011). Along with this dynamic contraction of the forearm muscles are required for repetitive key actions which are then superimposed over this backg round of static muscular activity. The musculoskeletal system presents the nervous system with a mechanical interface (Butler 1989). A static muscle contraction such as those witnessed in key board users cause compression of a nerve there by reducing the mobility resulting in positive mechanosensitive response (Subratty et al 2005). The results of the study performed by Lohkamp et al 2011 were in contrast to the current study. He compared bilateral ULTT1 response in 90 normal individuals and the results showed that there were more neurogenic response and reduced ROM in the non dominant hand as compared to dominant hand. The difference in the result between the two studies could be attributed to the difference in the population involved. Lohkamp et al 2011 performed study on normal healthy individual who utilized their non-dominant hand less for their normal daily activities which could have led to reduced flexibility of muscles and compromised mobility of the nerve. In the present study since key board operation is a bilateral task such a difference was not observed. Structural differentiation is added to determine if the ULTT is positive or not (Butler 1991, Nee 2006). Depending on the type of structural differentiation applied, tension in the median nerve could be increased or decreased (Byl et al 2002).   In this study all the participants who had reported symptoms for ULTT1; 100% had reported decreased in the sensory response after adding structural differentiation (ipsilateral neck flexion). Similar results were reported by Selvaratnam et al 1994 and Scot et al 2008. This observation might be caused by decreased tensile force of the nerve causing increase in the circulation (Otaga and Niato, 1986). Similar results were seen in a study performed by Coopeiters et al 2002A which concluded that with structural differentiation there was a change in the ROM at the elbow joint and the frequency of response distal to it had reduced. Coopeiters et al 2002A also suggested performing contra lateral neck flexion as a structural differentiation to ULTT 1 as it causes more tension in the nerve tissue and is more specific in provoking the symptoms. But since this study was done in asymptomatic key board operators who are already exposed to high risk of developing overuse syndrome symptoms (Scot et al,2008),   contra lateral neck flexion was not the choice of STD in this study for ethical reasons. The present study found no difference in the perceived sensory response in the mouse and the non- mouse hand. Stretch and pull pain were the reported perceived symptoms. The literature reads that stretch and pull sensations are considered as normal response to ULTT1. An individual is considered as mechanosensitive positive if there is a decreased in the ROM while performing ULTT (Buttler1991). Even though the participants had shown response which was similar to normal’s they were still labelled as mechano sensitive for ULTT1 as the researcher had observed reduced ROM at elbow while performing ULTT but it was not measured. This further emphasise that asymptomatic key board users could have a hidden pathological state and are at high risk for developing repetitive stress injury syndromes. An understandable sample of frequency and nature of symptoms was recognized as there was not much of deviation. Amongst the participants who were mechanosensitive bilaterally 100% had perceived sensation at the cubital area (anterior aspect of elbow). The other common reported sites were forearm, wrist, fingers and thumb. The site of involvement was in accordance to the study put forth by Kenneally et al 1988 and Butler et al 1989. The 92% who had complained of more areas of response in mouse hand, had perceived symptoms in the cubital area   wrist fingers and thumb while the non dominant hand had received symptoms only in cubital area and forearm. The rationale for this could be the usage of the mouse itself.   Recent studies like Jepsen et al 2002 contributed to the literature by performing a cross sectional study on computer operators and concluded that pain, parasthesia and weakness were more prevalent in mouse arm as compared to non-mouse arm. The clinical reasoning behind this could be the mouse operating wrist is constantly positioned in a bent position and this causes reduced space in the carpal tunnel further reducing the mobility of median nerve and the other structures like tendon situated in it. Thus in the median exposed to more compressive forces in the mouse hand than the contra lateral limb and hence it becomes irritable and produces symptoms like tingling and numbness in the wrist, fingers and thumb. Also the difference in location of response had no association with age, hours of work and years of experience as these characteristics were no different than the other participants in the study similar result were observed by (Byng et al 1997) Theoretical Implication: From the current study it can be suggested that a subclinical pathological state exisits among female amongst the asymptomatic female key board operators supporting several hypothesis that the origin of repetitive stress injury are neurogenic in origin. This study also suggests that the usage of the mouse along with causes increased mechanosensitivity of median nerve in wrist fingers and thumb. Thus work place modification and ergonomic advise should also consider the mouse modification. Clinical Implication: Literature shows that dominant arm in normal’s could be used as a control group while assessing the ULTT1 response amongst symtomatics as there exists no variation in response to ULTT1 amongst normal healthy individuals. This study though performed on asymptomatic targeted an intermediate group and suggests that dominant arm is not a reliable diagnostic indicator as variability exists in the bilateral response with more response being in the dominant arm which is in contrast to the current literature. Strength of the study Limited research is available which compares bilateral response of ULTT1 thus the current study adds on to this limited literature. Also while ULTT1 was being conducted the researchers were blinded to the information of dominance to prevent assessor bias. The results obtained from the study could be generalizable as a large age group was included. Limitations Participants were labelled as mechanosesntitive positive if they had perceived a reduction in symptoms after adding ipsilateral neck flexion . No objecetive scale was used to find by how much the percentage the symptoms were reduced thus future research should incorporate scales like VAS scale to have more reliable results. The ULTT was carried out only ones on participants to label them as mechanosesntive positive. Thus this single reposne may not have recorded the real response. Ideally a mean of 3 response would be indiacted to prevent any errors. Scope for future research Future research should focus on more objective methods of accessing the variability of response ofULTT1 among symptomatic key board operators. If ROM is suggested as objective means to measure variability research should be carried out to know how much difference in ROM is required to label an individual mechanosensitive positive. Conclusion The results indicate that asymptomatic key board operators are mechanosensitive positive for ULTT1. There exists a difference in the location of the perceived response when compared bilaterally with more areas being in the dominant arm. Thus domiant of asymptomatics could not be used as a normal control variable while assessing the response of ULTT1 in symptomatic population.    REFERENCES Andersen JH, Harhoff M, Grimstrup S et al. Computer mouse use predicts acute pain but not prolonged or chronic pain in the neck and shoulder. Occup Environ Med 2008; 65:126-131 Balster S, Jull G. Upper trapezius muscle activity during the brachial plexus tension test in asymptomatic subjects. Manual Therapy 1997; 2(3): 144-149 Bell A. The upper limb tension test bilateral straight leg raising a validating manoeuvre for the upper limb tension test. Proceedings of the fifth Biennial Conference of the Manipulative Therapists Association of Australia Melbourne, 1987 pp 106-114 Butler DS. 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12 Easy Steps to a Successful Job Interview

12 Easy Steps to a Successful Job Interview Some of these are standard, and some are surprising. Keep the usual advice in mind about standing up straight and dressing appropriately. Then just follow the list and you’ll feel great about your interview process. 1. Do the geeky researchDig into Earnings Calls, Quarterly Reports, etc. Read the company blog. And quote them back to them. Then, don’t just reference the things you learned, but formulate a new or unique insight about what you’ve learned that can show off your skills and how well you did your homework. When possible, incorporate data that’s most relevant to them.2. Set Google AlertsIn the ramp-up to the interview, set a Google alert for yourself for every time something new hits the internet about the company you want to work for. That way you won’t forget to search every couple of days, and good intel for your interview will come straight into your inbox.3. Scrub your social mediaUse a service like Social Sweeper to get rid of any sus picious photos or content on your Facebook and Twitter profiles. This will spare you getting booted from an interview on the basis of some stupid post your drunken cousin put up three years ago of you at a toga party.4. Pick Tuesday 10:30 a.m.Research actually suggests that this is the primo interview slot. Ask for it whenever you can. It’s not a warming up or wrapping up day like Monday and Friday, it’s not right after lunch or right before†¦ and it’s still fresh in the week. Then again, if the company is hiring quickly, take the soonest slot you can get, rather than waiting for the perfect time.5. Ready a â€Å"story statement†You will get asked the â€Å"tell us a bit about yourself† question. Be ready with a unique and fresh answer. Cut out all the filler and the set-up and jump in with the key points in the narrative- the epiphany, the meaningful observation, the overarching point. When done right, you can sell them on you both personally and professionally, crafting a story that makes you both likeable and obvious as the top choice for the job.6. Stick with subtle fashion choicesWear a conversation piece. If there’s something you want to emphasize about your candidacy- your heritage, your hobbies, your recent trip to Timbuktu- try wearing something that might spark a question. And have an answer ready.7. Sell your weaknessYou will be asked about your weaknesses. Don’t overthink- and don’t try to pretend your strength is a weakness; interviewers will see right through this. Come up with an honest weakness and then explain how you’re already working to turn it into a strength.8. Use  PARPAR= problem, action, result. A situation, your solution, and what changed. Have three (at least) anecdotes ready to go that showcase the PAR process for you to great success. The more specific the better. These answers can plug neatly into the â€Å"tell me about a challenging moment at your current job † or â€Å"tell me about a time you worked on a team† questions.9. Think out loudIf your interviewer asks you an analytical question, this is like a math test in school; it’s okay to show your work. Thinking out loud shows your thought process, so even if it takes you a minute to get the answer- or you get it wrong, at least the interviewer knows there’s a good brain in your skull. It shows effective communication, and makes it easier for you to go back and fix any errors.10. Ask double questionsIf you can get two answers with one question, that’s a much better and more economical use of your time. You only get a few questions at the end, after all, best to make them count. Bonus points if you can subtly convey an extra selling point about yourself that you couldn’t squeeze into your earlier answers.11. Go for brokeAt the very end, consider asking bluntly, but respectfully, â€Å"Have I given you any reason to think I wouldn’t be a go od fit for this position?† It’s a big risk, and you should practice asking honestly and with the appropriate tone. But it can bring a valuable result. Think of it this way: if they say ‘yes,’ you’re still in the room and have one last chance to change their minds!12. Personal thanksEmail (or better- handwrite) a personal thank you note immediately after the interview. Get it on their desk within 24 hours of speaking with you. Even if you don’t get the job, your interviewer might find your note months later and call you in for another position. Make the best impression possible, even after the fact.

Violent Video Games and Increase of Aggressiveness Research Proposal

Violent Video Games and Increase of Aggressiveness - Research Proposal Example These games are violent in nature, some with parental warnings regarding violence, blood, and gore. Examples of such video games include titles like Killer Instinct, Mortal Kombat, and Sega's Primal Rage. All of these games intertwine a character-driven storyline with adventures and quests, including personal combat which requires the player to fight with and kill, various adversaries in an extremely violent way. While earlier versions of such games, such as Quake or Doom, were more plot-driven and less gratuitously violent, many of the more recent industry offerings (known as "first-person shooter" games) have escalated the combat element in favor of increasingly difficult opponents, more sophisticated weaponry, and an unhealthy focus on domination. As Bok points out, "players are rewarded for slashing, gouging, or shooting their opponents...[and are able] to see with the eyes of the killer holding the gun." (1999, p. 37) In fact, other researchers have determined that in the most p opular games, harming other characters is the primary activity and that killing occurs at a high rate. (Cicchirillo and Chory-Assad, 2005, p. 436).

Customer Relationship Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Customer Relationship Management - Essay Example Recent research on categorization has led to scholars questioning the assumption and trying to test the impacts of two variables which are moderating on the customer needs categorization (Hamilton, 2005). Categorizing Customer Needs in Computer Software Sales Selling computer software is a business to business (B2B) activity. Hence, there is a need of categorizing customer needs for this activity. There is a method provided that helps the organization in the identification and categorization of the customer’s visits or contacts with the customer service center. This means that the organization has been provided with a method of identifying the customer’s problem or goal. The organization has also been using this method to categorize the customer needs into set that are centered on behavior. Hence, the organizations has integrated customer categorization and goal thereby initiating a foundation for optimizing the direction of the customer’s request through an appr opriate center. This method helps the organization in the collection of information that is related to the customer’s behavior. The organization then uses the information in the determination of the optimum manner that customer’s needs can be handled (Gupta, 2001). ... One the customers have been consulted, the organization then interprets the customers’ needs correctly in specs and design. Hence, the organization then provides operational definitions of output (Fader, 2010). Best Measures for Actual and Potential Value for the Customer Base Customer base refers to the grouping of the customers or consumers that an organization servers. The customer base is mainly composed of repeat customers with high ration of purchase over a given period. The best measure for actual and potential value for the customer base is the Eyeball Approach. The Eyeball Approach is based on the assumption that companies need to rapidly acquire customers so that they can grow. This also enhances the chances of the company to gain first mover advantage and also helps in the creation of network externalities which are very strong. For the organization that is involved in selling computer software to other businesses, the Eyeball Approach is also very advantageous base d on the fact that the number of businesses coming into the customer care desk indicates to the organization whether the organization is registering a positive growth. With an increase in the number of customers that are coming to the organization, it means that the organization is developing positively. This also means that its actual value for the customer base is very high. This also indicates that the potential value for the customer base is also very favorable to the organization. Hence, it is important for the organization to use the Eyeball Approach to assess the actual and potential value for the customer base (Hamilton, 2005). Why the Eyeball Approach is Advantageous The assumptions of the Eyeball Approach have been

Finance and Company Essay Example for Free

Finance and Company Essay So Wrigley has to make decisions on whether or not to borrow $ 3 billion for recapitalization. Question Based on the above situation, there are few questions that arise as seen below: ? Whether the recapitalization would be good for the company’s development in the long run? ?After borrowing $ 3 billion dollars what would the impact on the company’s debt rating be? ?What’s the impact on the company’s share value; would the recapitalization increase the company’s share value? ?What’s the impact on the company’s WACC, an increase or decrease? Would recapitalization increases the EPS of the company? Hypothesis Before capital restructuring due to not having any debt, return on capital and operating income as a percent of sales can be used based on exhibit 2(it is $513,356/$2,429,646= 21%) which is the A to AA range of investment grade. After recapitalization, the company’s debt rating will fall to a BB/B rating which reflects a higher risk and lower debt rating that will cause higher yields. According to Exhibit 7’s given information, the yield is between BB (12. 753) to B (14. 663) to obtain a cost of debt. Impact on share value If the company chooses to repurchase the stock, the WD will be 22. 89% (3,000,000/13,103,000), the WACC will be 10. 19% (22. 89% (1-40%)*13%+77. 1%*10. 9%). Both 10. 32% and 10. 19% are lower than the WACC before recapitalization, which indicates that after the recapitalization the company will have a lower minimum rate of return for the company that it needs to earn on its investments to maintain its wealth. Impact on Voting Control If the company is using the dividend plan to do capital restructuring, there will not be any impact on voting control. However, if the company is using the stock repurchase plan, it will have an influence on the voting control. The current Wrigley family ownership includes 21% of common shares and 58% of B shares. The total numbers of shares outstanding for Wrigley consists of the sum of the common shares of 189. 8 million and class B shares of 42. 641 million (10 votes each), a total of 232,441 million shares. So the company will have 46. 6% ((189. 8*21%+426. 41*58%)/616. 21=46. 6%)voting control before recapitalization. After the recapitalization the voting control will increase to 49% [(179. 22-42. 641)*21%+426. 41*58%]/ (136. 58+426. 41) =49 Based on the above analysis, my suggestion is not to borrow $ 3 billion dollars, or if the company insists in doing a recapitalization I would suggest for them to not borrow as much and to make some investment on assets instead of it all in equity. For the Wrigley Company I think they should keep their debt below 50 percent. Because after recapitalization, it will have negative impacts on EPS, debt rating, share value and it has a slightly positive impact on WACC and voting control. The results of impact on EPS analysis shows that EPS will drop from $ 1. 61 to 0. 46 and, the debt/ assets ratio will be 169% which will increase the company’s risks. From a debt rating aspect, after borrowing $ 3 billion dollars, the debt rating of the company will decline from AA/A to BB/B which means that the company will have a higher interest rate, more interest expense and a lower credit rating in the future. This is not good for the company’s future development. From a long term prospective, I believe it’s important that the company be careful in determining whether they should pursue a dividend or stock repurchase strategy. If the company chooses to use the $ 3 billion to pay dividends now, it might increase the investor’s satisfaction in the short run but once the dividend has been paid, the investor will expect the same amount of dividend in the future and a lower dividend might disappoint investors and that might affect the company’s stock price in the future. The stock repurchase is temporary as well, so after the repurchase the ending stock price might drop and it may hurt a potential new investor who made a purchase during the repurchase period. All things considered as long as Wrigley keeps an eye on their long term goals and continues to look at the big picture whilst making good solid financial choices for their company they should be most successful.

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ok I'm an "A" Plan brat myself. My dad's been there for 34 years now! : ) I got my fully loaded 2001 Twilight Blue ZTS, not including Advance-Trac or moonroof (DAMN IT!!!) for $15,000 plus tax, tags, extended warranty and the Protection package costs. Came out to around mid-16,000. I don't think I did too bad. That's with very questionable credit and a 9.8% interest rate and no downpayment. My first BRAND NEW car. hahahaha I think I did alright, though I know I got screwed on the final cost. Oh yeah, I got a 3 year lease too. I got the 5 year/60,000 mile warranty.2001 ZX3, 5-speed. Power package, premium package, moonroof. Listed for $15,200 and bought it for $13,900. $12,900 after the rebate. I've owned it for a month, have 1,600 miles, averaging about 29 mpg, with no probs! Love my ZX3 Mine was about $16,700 and I didn't have any money for a down payment. This was the S2 edition though which has the european tuned suspension, spoiler, and moonroof, it had the 6 disk in dash cd player also, but i took that out and put in my tv. I got my 2000 SE Sedan for $14,400. It had all options minus auto, ABS, side airbags, and leather. I really wanted the ABS and side airbags but wasn't going to wait to have one special ordered - I had already been to 5 dealerships that day and was pretty exited to find one so close to what I wanted. V, when dealing for the car, they are going to be playing tricks on you to make it seem like they can't go any lower. When they say "I have to go check this out with my manager", make it look like you are unconcerned and have all day - pull out your gameboy or palm pilot and start playing games. Make sure they know that you know what you are talking about, and that the car you are dealing for is a compromise, not the one car you have spent your whole life looking for. If the car has been on the lot for a while, then it's taking up valueable space and they need to get rid of it. If it just got on the lot, then if they sell it right away the holdback they get from Ford is pure profit. One other thing I found is that there is an airplane club up in Wisconsin or Minnesota or something that costs 20 or 30 bucks to join but members get X-Plan pricing from Ford.

Industrial Development and Labor Movement Essay

The answer is FALSE. The development of industrial development contributed to the rise of labor movement. The significant change that was caused by the industrial revolution – the increased efficiency of production through the use of machines – has caused the displacement and alienation of human workers as machines have taken over the production process. The industrial revolution is one of the most significant highlights for the development of human history. It was an advent for the most important technological changes and advancement which translated to increased production efficiency – producing the most number of goods at the least amount of costs. However, the rise of giant industries which made use of machines in production has caused human skilled workers to be displaced from their jobs. The automation of production has made human labor less appealing and less needed. The advent of the rise of machines has caused severe changes in production and labor, and consequently it has driven profound social changes and also driven the economy to be more production efficient with little help from human labor (Hooker). Consequently, the displacement of human laborers and their seemingly less involvement in the process of production have made them less powerful in voicing out their demands. The mechanized production system has made them less represented and less significant in the industry, thus, factory owners didn’t regard them as assets in the industry. This turn of events marked the era wherein laborers didn’t have the ability to speak of their work-related grievances, they lost the voice to call out for fair treatment. In contrast to the earlier times wherein the small employer-employee relationship was prevalent, the workers had the ability and chances to address their demands to their employers. However, the increased automation of production system has also caused the growth of enterprises and the owners hired skilled professionals to more efficiently manage the workers. As a result, there existed a larger gap between the owners and the laborers, making it harder for the laborers to communicate directly to the owner to express their grievances (The American Labor Movement). Moreover, during these times, the workers were forced to work longer hours, getting the most work from them though giving them the lowest wage possible. And because of the production automation, skilled laborers and craftsmen were less valued and the number of unskilled laborers has significantly increased. Thus, these instances, developments and the further impoverishment and unequal treatment for laborers have resulted to the emergence of labor unions that advocated to protect the rights and welfare of laborers. Labor unions became a prevalent action in protecting the common interests of laborers, particularly issues regarding wages and working conditions. These labor and trade unions served as collective organizations that represented the interests of the working class. Moreover, labor unions were sometimes looked upon as political wings campaigning for equitable treatment from employers and lobbying for the implementation of laws governing labor relations. These labor movements focused on issues related on rank-and-file movements, collective bargaining conflicts and organizing political campaigns. These efforts flickered the hopes for industry workers to attain increased political influence to be able to push legislations that shall benefit their cause, and deflect labor laws that were inefficient in protecting the rights of laborers (Turner, 2001). The rise of labor movement became more prevalent in the newly industrialized countries. This happened as global transformations became more influential and encompassing – for example, the â€Å"relocation of low-wage areas, automation and the increasing use of unregulated work arrangements† – all of which contributed to the strong urge of forming a strict and rigid framework of a union that shall defend workers against unfair treatment. (Silver)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Moreover, in addition to the animation of production, there is another aspect of industrial revolution that has hastened the rise of labor movement. The unfair labor practices rendered by industrialized nations towards less powerful and poor countries have made it more appealing for workers to organize a movement that was geared minimizing these effects. As the industry grew larger and more powerful, industrialized countries have sought for new markets and new sources of cheap labor, wherein they can yield the most production with labor-intensive processes, with the least amount of costs possible. They utilized the presence of satellite countries wherein they can extract from them the cheapest raw materials, and wherein they can impose to make use of the human capital as a source of cheap and intensive labor.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Therefore, the rise of labor movements was sponsored by the industrial development. This happened in such a way that, as the industry flourished and became automated, it resulted in harsh treatment and displacement of the workers. This unfair treatment led workers to form unions that shall represent them as a whole in addressing their grievances and sentiments. The development of labor movements were hastened by (1) need for social mobilization and institutional change; (2) need for significant representation by workers; (3) call for industry changes; and (4) economic and political protectionism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The industry development happened in such a manner that it gave utter importance to machines and deliberately misappropriated the use of human skills in the course of production. It displaced the rights and abilities of craftsmen and haggardly made use of unskilled worker, as they offered cheap labor despite the intense labor work and long work hours. Consequently though, this instances and treatments have hastened the movements to revive the industry that is mindful of human existence and welfare.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, industry development, coupled with intense form of exploitation, mistreatment, alienation and displacement for workers have eventually led to the emergence of labor movements. References Hooker, Richard. The Industrial Revolution. Retrieved December 1, 2007 from, Silver, Beverly. Labor Movements from a Global Perspective. The American Labor Movement. Retrieved December 1, 2007 from, Turner, Lowell. (2001) Reviving the Labor Movement. School of Industrial and Labor Relations. Cornell University.

Hamlets Madness Essay

I do not believe that Hamlet is going mad nor insane. I think that he was just putting on an act of madness to convince people he was going insane in order to carry out his revenge on Claudius. If it wasn’t for Hamlet’s feigned madness the Claudius would have obviously known that something was up and would have possibly had Hamlet killed. Hamlet only acted mad or insane around certain people. In his private conversations with Horatio there was no signs of insanity with the way he was talking to him. Hamlet tells Horatio â€Å"How strange or odd soe’er I bear myself, As I, perchance, hereafter shall think meet To put on an antic disposition on, – That you, at such times seeing me, never shall, With arms encumber’d thus. Or this headshake, Or by pronouncing of some doubtful phrase. â€Å"(Ham. 2. 5. 170-175). In this phrase He is telling Horatio that he is going to feign madness, and that if he notices any strange behavior that he is putting on an act. This is proof that he is neither mad nor insane. He basically has stated he is going to act mad. As soon as someone appears, whom he wants to convince he is mad, he changes his behavior to put in his or her minds different explanations of his irrational behavior. He changes from rational speech to irrational conversations with those he wishes to convince he is mad. With Rosencrantz and Guildenstern he makes them believe that the reason for his behavior is frustrated ambition. In act 2 scene 2 Rosencrantz says â€Å"Why, then, your ambition makes it one; ’tis too narrow for your mind. â€Å"(Ham. 2. 2. 241-242). Then Hamlet says â€Å"O God, I could be bounded in a nutshell, and count myself a king of infinite space, were it not that I have bad dreams. â€Å"(Ham 2. 2. 243-244) Then Guildenstern states â€Å"Which dreams, indeed, are ambition; fro the very substance of the ambitious is merely the shadow of a dream. â€Å"(Ham. 2. 2. 245-246). Hamlet wants to make the King and Queen believe that the death of his father and their marriage is the reason for his madness. The Queen states â€Å"I doubt it is no other but the main, – His father’s death and our o’ hasty marriage. (Ham. 2. 2. 56-57). Hamlet want s to make Polonius and Ophelia believe that it is his love for Ophelia that has driven him mad. This is revealed when Ophelia speaks with Polonius about Hamlet’s encounter with her (Ham. 2. 2 75-108). In the phrase â€Å"I am but mad north by northwest, when the wind is southernly I know a hawk from a handsaw†(Ham. 2. 2. 347-348) Hamlet is stating that North is normal and that â€Å"North by Northwest† means that he is only slightly insane. Once Claudius thought he was insane he was safe to carry out the rest of his plan. In the Soliloquy, â€Å"To be or not to be† (Ham. 3. 1. 56-90) Hamlet knew that he was being watched by the King while talking to Ophelia. This was his chance to convince the King that he was insane. I believe that Hamlet may have crossed the line into true madness a few times. For example when Hamlet slays Polonius he has no feelings of remorse. This is evidenced by Hamlet’s words â€Å"Thou wretched, rash, intruding fool, farewell! I took thy fortune thou findst to be too busy in some danger†(Ham. 3. 4. 32-34). After Hamlet kills Polonius he will not tell anyone where the body is. Instead he says â€Å"not where he eats, but where he is eaten, a certain convocation of political worms a e’en at him†(Ham 4. 3. 20-21). Hamlet also is aware of his dissolving insanity as he tells Laertes that he killed Polonius â€Å"in a fit of madness†(Ham. 5. 2. 236-250). In the scene where he is with his mother he also has a violent out burst. He is very cruel towards he and clenches her throat in anger. He sees his father’s ghost while with his mother. His mother does not see him. All of the other times someone has seen the ghost when it has appeared. This may be a sign that Hamlet experiencing true madness. â€Å"On him, on him: Look O you how pale he glares! His form and cause conjoured, preaching to stones would make them capable (Ham. 3. 4. 126-128. In conclusion I believe that Hamlet’s madness or insanity throughout the play is being acted. However I do believe that in the end Hamlet drives himself over the edge when he kills Polonius and his true anger shows. Hamlet crossed that line into true madness a few times in this play. I believe that this was not a good way to go about getting revenge on Claudius. There was too much of a delay and in the end Hamlet lost by losing his life too.

Free Essays on Night And Catcher In The Rye

â€Å"A great book should leave you with many experiences and slightly exhausted at the end.† A well-written book should provide the reader with numerous occurrences and events throughout the literature. This is true because good literature takes the reader places in their imagination to satisfy them in their leisure time. In the first-person novel The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger, the narrator, Holden Caulfield, takes the reader on a flashback journey. Also, in the first-person memoir Night, by Elie Weisel, this lens is clearly presented. Through the use of literary techniques, setting is an important aspect that influences the unforgettable adventures that take place. An exceptional work of writing should present the reader with several experiences, offering slight wisdom at the conclusion of the work. In the novel, The Catcher in the Rye, Salinger creates brilliant literature that teaches and tires. Holden Caulfield has flashbacks of his journey of an exhausting 48-hour period in his life. This book is written in a first-person point of view to explain the narrator’s experience meticulously, in his own perspective. The man versus himself conflict that concerned Holden and his problem with school and communicating with his parents, played a major role in the explanation for his adventures. If he had not been kicked out of his school, Holden would not have to deal with the troubles of being on his own and traveling from place to place. Many authors use literary techniques to illustrate and improve the readers’ opinion of the book, such as Elie Weisel’s book, Night. Weisel’s memoir, Night, is another valid example of literature that brings a reader on a reverie, except this one is factual. This chronicle is written in a first-person point of view, making the literature seem even more realistic because it is the account for a first-hand experience. One of the most influential literary elements of this story is the se... Free Essays on Night And Catcher In The Rye Free Essays on Night And Catcher In The Rye â€Å"A great book should leave you with many experiences and slightly exhausted at the end.† A well-written book should provide the reader with numerous occurrences and events throughout the literature. This is true because good literature takes the reader places in their imagination to satisfy them in their leisure time. In the first-person novel The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger, the narrator, Holden Caulfield, takes the reader on a flashback journey. Also, in the first-person memoir Night, by Elie Weisel, this lens is clearly presented. Through the use of literary techniques, setting is an important aspect that influences the unforgettable adventures that take place. An exceptional work of writing should present the reader with several experiences, offering slight wisdom at the conclusion of the work. In the novel, The Catcher in the Rye, Salinger creates brilliant literature that teaches and tires. Holden Caulfield has flashbacks of his journey of an exhausting 48-hour period in his life. This book is written in a first-person point of view to explain the narrator’s experience meticulously, in his own perspective. The man versus himself conflict that concerned Holden and his problem with school and communicating with his parents, played a major role in the explanation for his adventures. If he had not been kicked out of his school, Holden would not have to deal with the troubles of being on his own and traveling from place to place. Many authors use literary techniques to illustrate and improve the readers’ opinion of the book, such as Elie Weisel’s book, Night. Weisel’s memoir, Night, is another valid example of literature that brings a reader on a reverie, except this one is factual. This chronicle is written in a first-person point of view, making the literature seem even more realistic because it is the account for a first-hand experience. One of the most influential literary elements of this story is the se...

Learn How to Ask Questions in English as an ESL Student

Learn How to Ask Questions in English as an ESL Student There are many ways to ask questions in English. Its important to understand the situation when deciding how to ask questions. In other words, is the question you want to ask a polite request? Would you like to confirm the  information you already know? Are you gathering details about a subject? How to Ask Direct Questions Direct questions are the most common type of question in English. Direct questions are asked when asking for both simple and complex information. To begin with, here is a guide to the structure of direct questions: (Question Word) Auxiliary Subject Verb Form (objects) ? Examples: When do you get to work?Do you like fish?How long have you been working on this project?Where are those ties manufactured? How to Ask Yes/No Questions Yes/No questions refer to simple questions you ask to receive either a yes or no as a response. Yes/No questions do not use question words and always begin with the auxiliary verb. Auxiliary Subject Verb Form (objects) ? Examples: Does he live in New York?Have you seen that film?Is she going to come to the party? How to Ask Subject and Object Questions Look at the following example sentence and questions: Jason likes playing golf. What does Jason like playing? (Answer: golf)Who likes playing golf? (Answer: Jason) In the first question, we are asking about the object. When asking about the object, use direct question construction beginning with a question word followed by the auxiliary verb. Wh? auxiliary subject verb? Who does he follow online? In the second question, we are asking for the subject of the action. When asking subject questions, do not use the auxiliary verb. The Wh question word plays the role of the subject in the question. Wh? (auxiliary) verb object? Who understands this problem? Note: Remember that the present simple or past simple do not take the auxiliary in positive sentence structure. Examples: Who enjoys playing tennis?Who is coming to the party next week? Common question forms for subject questions: Which Which bicycle goes fast? What kind of What kind of cheese tastes mild? What sort of What sort of tea costs very little? Who Who goes to school here? How to Use Question Tags to Ask Questions Another type of common question in English is the question tag. Many languages such as Spanish also use question tags. Use them to confirm information that you already know, or think you know. This form is used in conversation and when checking that you have understood something. Construct a question tag by making a statement followed by a comma and the opposite (positive negative, negative positive) form of the appropriate auxiliary verb. Examples: Youre married, arent you?Hes been here before, hasnt he?You didnt buy the new car, did you? Indirect Questions When we want to be more polite we often use indirect question forms. They ask the same as direct questions but are considered more formal. When using an indirect question, use an introductory phrase followed by the question itself in positive sentence structure. Connect the two phrases with the question word or if in the case the question is a yes/no question. Construction Chart Introductory phrase question word (or if) positive sentence Examples: I was wondering if you know the way to the nearest bank.Do you know when the next train leaves? Here are some of the most common phrases used for asking indirect questions. Do you know...I wonder/was wondering...Can you tell me...Im not sure...I dont know... Examples: Do you know when the next train leaves?I wonder when he will arrive.Can you tell me where he lives?Im not sure what he wants to do.I dont know if he is coming.

Discussion Board Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

Discussion Board - Assignment Example Therefore instead of looking at their own interests, they should be looking at the interest and welfare of those that they serve. In this case, they are able to be examples just as the number one leader in Jesus Christ was (Maxwell, 2007). In this sense, leaders must purport to serve others first in order to be able to accomplish the goal as a whole group and not just as an individual person. They should forget about the leadership. This form of leadership is important in the sense that it encourages team effort. It makes those in the position to be led. It means that if one person was in a position to do the task alone, it could have been done. Thus being in a leadership position to gain all the praise rather than to serve the people is being in the leadership position for a gain and not to help others. If Jesus provided this example by washing the feet of his disciples, then other leaders should follow the same. Servant leadership helps others to lead by example. For this reason, it is important to rely on Jesus will and ways in relation to leadership as it is only through this way that leaders can become the best leaders. They will be able to do things for others and not think of themselves. The Bible shows people serving others eagerly and not just for their gain (1 Peter 5:2-4). Thus following Jesus means following the humble manner. Jesus was able to lead in humility, love, compassion and in fellowship with others. It is important to note that leadership is not a single sill but the collective teaching of what is in the Bible. Thus, for a leader to be effective, he must emulate good qualities to the best of their abilities. This can be done by copying Jesus (Iwuala,

International Entrepreneurship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International Entrepreneurship - Essay Example Behavioral pattern of the suppliers and the clients and concentration in the supply makes entrepreneurs more competitive in the global market. In the market where the customers are diverse, a different approach to the market may be of great benefit to entrepreneur in a new market (Keillor 2011). The trends of innovating products and services in a particular environment have been used by multinational companies in their new products. Taking for instance the travel business in the United States, the business involves serving both the natives and the international visitors. Globalization and liberalization of economies have allowed companies to invent new ideas suitable for the developing markets. Globalization has pressurized companies to continue innovating new ideas of conducting businesses. Though much innovation has been witnessed in the global market, entrepreneurs have found it harder to penetrate the market to ever changing business environment and competition (Griffin 2005). There is more opportunity for growth due to innovation and completion in the global market. Entrepreneurs in the global markets seem to prefer working centrally and doing business from a central position. However Companies benefit international market therefore centralization of business no longer applies in the global markets (Keillor 2011). The trend of business innovation is moving towards decentralization of markets. Entrepreneurs are considering a more involving business venture where the customers, suppliers and other stakeholders are closely involved in the product and services development. Such approach proves more beneficial in the globalised market just like the trend in expansion of markets. The global market has been a major target for entrepreneurs however more innovation is required to maintain the local market. The idea used in the global market is also applicable in the local market (Keillor 2011). Though the product innovation is crucial in entrepreneurship, the process innovation plays a central role. It is important in adapting to various business environments such as fixing of costs. Process innovation can be used by the businesses which are planning to have decentralized management. Basically each market will be managed according to the requirements and the policies guarding the market. 2. Internation al Trade Barriers Doing business in the international market faces challenges such as quotas, tariffs and non tariffs. Non traffic barriers are usually imposed by governments basically to restrict the quality imports. Such barriers restrict availability of products thus complicating the prices in the market. The result is high prices. A traffic barrier such as taxes, custom duties decreases the volumes of imports thus increasing the prices of products, thus the local market is favored.